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The memory that ate the news

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The memory that ate the news

A few weeks ago I was half-listening to a podcast while doing the dishes, and the host said a name I hadn't thought about in a while: Amos Tversky. I nearly dropped a plate. I've been fascinated by Kahneman and Tversky for years - I already wrote about their prospect theory and loss aversion in an earlier piece here on Positron. This podcast was actually about Paul Bloom's book "Psych: The Story of the Human Mind", which tells the history of psychology, and Bloom's summary of the availability bias brought something back to my mind that I hadn't really connected before. So here we go, one more Kahneman and Tversky story. And I promise this one matters for Positron too.

The bias itself: what's easy to remember feels true

Back in 1973, Tversky and Kahneman published a paper called "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability". The idea is simple, once you hear it: when we try to judge how common or how likely something is, we don't actually calculate. We just check how easily examples come to mind. If examples come up quickly, we assume the thing is common, or important, or dangerous. If nothing comes to mind, we assume it's rare.

Most of the time that's a fine shortcut. But it breaks down in one clear way: recent, dramatic, emotional events are much easier to remember than slow, quiet ones - no matter how often either one actually happens.

Let me give you a simple example, close to home. Say a forest fire recently broke out near my neighbourhood here in Antwerp. I will remember that. I'll bring it up at dinner, I'll mention it to friends, it'll shape how I think about my street for months. Now say that, around the same time, a new swimming pool opened nearby, one that also works as a water reserve for the fire brigade. Genuinely useful, genuinely good news. I probably won't remember it at all. Not because it matters less. Just because it's less available in my memory - less dramatic, less sticky. The fire wins every time, and that's doing more to shape how I see my own street than I'd like to admit.

The availability spiral: a person's baseline mood turns a little more negative on every pass through a loop between an attention-driven, negativity-skewed news source, innate loss aversion from prospect theory, and the availability bias making negative stories more memorable

Where it gets dangerous: a loop, not a one-off

Here's the bit that kept me thinking, days after that podcast episode. The availability bias doesn't work on its own. It sits right next to something I've written about before on Positron: our tendency to feel losses more than gains, and to worry more about small chances of disaster than we should - both part of Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory. Psychologists have a name for the wider pattern too: negativity bias, our tendency to weigh bad things more heavily than equally good ones. Put the two together and they don't just sit side by side. They feed each other, in a loop that gets a bit tighter every time round. Let me walk you through it, step by step.

  • Start with an ordinary person, feeling roughly normal levels of positivity and negativity about the world. Nothing dramatic. Just a normal starting point.
  • That person starts reading the news, like we all do. But the news source they're reading needs attention to survive, and attention goes to threat, conflict and loss. If it bleeds, it leads - we've talked about that here before. So the stories reaching this person are already tilted negative, before they've even read a word.
  • At the same time, this person is carrying an innate wiring problem, thanks to prospect theory: losses simply feel bigger than equal gains, and small chances of disaster feel bigger than they really are. So even a perfectly balanced mix of news wouldn't feel balanced to them. The negative stories hit harder going in.
  • Now the availability bias joins in. Because negative stories are more vivid and more emotional, they're also easier to remember than the quieter positive ones. So they become more available in this person's memory than they should be, given how often they actually happen.
  • And here's the turn: a person whose memory now holds more negative material is, in a small but real way, more negative than the person we started with. So the next time they go looking for news - or just think about how things are going - that slightly-more-negative starting point shapes what they look for and what they notice. They read a bit more negative news. Which becomes a bit more available in memory. Which shifts their mood a bit further. Round and round it goes, a little tighter each time - a real downward spiral.

And nobody in it, not the reader, not the editor, not the algorithm, needs to be doing anything you'd call malicious for it to keep turning.

Ask someone how their country, their city, even their own street is doing, and watch how fast the fire comes up, and how rarely the swimming pool does. Not because they're pessimists by nature. Because they've been going round this loop, quietly, for years.

Why this is exactly Positron's job

Once you see the loop this way, it stops feeling like a personality trait and starts feeling like a mechanism. And mechanisms can be interrupted.

That's really the whole idea behind Positron. If the problem were simply that bad things happen more than good things, there wouldn't be much to build. But that's not the problem. Good things happen all the time - swimming pools open, treatments work, problems get quietly solved. They just don't win the fight for your memory, because nothing about them is built to be vivid or alarming. Positron's job is to go looking for that material on purpose, and put it in front of you often enough that it gets a real chance to become available too.

I don't think Kahneman or Tversky ever set out to explain why someone would build a small, stubbornly positive news project in Antwerp. But every time I go back to their work, I find another reason why it needs to exist. Understanding the availability bias won't stop fires from being newsworthy. It just means the swimming pool deserves a place in your memory too.

Cheers / Rik

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